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How to Cite

your sources using different styles.

Chicago

Regarding the Chicago style, there are two different versions.  

  • Notes-Bibliography (NB) is used by those in the humanities fields: literature, arts, history.  Chicago NB uses footnotes or endnotes within the text, and a bibliography of sources.
  • Author-Date (AD) is preferred by those in the social sciences and sciences.  Chicago AD uses in-text or parenthetical citations (the author of the source, the date) and a reference list, or list of sources.

This is an abbreviated list of major changes relating to source citations.  It was gathered from Chicago's lengthy blog entitled What's New in the 18th Edition.

Paragraph and section numbers refer to the print version of the18th Edition of the Chicago Manual.

Citing AI Generated Content

New guidance on citing AI-generated content: 14.112.

Citing Databases and Datasets

Updated and expanded guidance on citing databases and datasets: 14.157

Citing Forthcoming Journals Articles

Updated and expanded guidance on citing ahead-of-print and forthcoming journal articles: 14.75 and 14.76.

Citing an Illustrator

New guidance on citing an editor, translator or illustrator in addition to an author: 14.6.

Citing Indigenous Sources

New guidance on citing Indigenous sources: 14.136 and 14.137.

Ibid

Shortened citations used instead of “ibid.” may take one of three forms: author-title (Chicago’s regular short form), author-only, or title-only. See 13.37.

Journal Article Dates

Only include the publication year.  Month or season is now omitted in journal article citations. See 13.26.

Multiple Authors

Up to six authors are now listed in the bibliography or reference list. For more than six authors, only the first three are listed, followed by “et al.” In a shortened note or an author-date text citation, up to two authors are now listed; if more than two, only the first is listed, followed by “et al.” See 13.23 -- Notes and Bibliography.

The 3-em Dash

Repeat the name of the author(s) rather than using a 3-em dash to stand in for repeated names in bibliographies or reference lists. See 13.72 -- Notes and Bibliography.

Mentioning vs. Citing Sources

New guidance on the difference between mentioning sources and citing them: 13.5.

Page Range in an Edited Book

The page range for a cited chapter in an edited book is no longer required in a bibliography or reference list entry (though a page range is still required for most journal articles). See 14.8 Place of Publication for Books - A place of publication is no longer required in citations of books. See 14.30.

Shortened URLs

Expanded guidance on using shortened URLs in citations:13.11. ​​

Chicago (NB)

Note: Examples below show Chicago Notes-Bibliography style.

Book

Full Text -- Use a DOI if available.  If not available, provide the database name.

Hellman, Hal. Great Feuds in Science: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever. John Wiley, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central.


Print

Shields, David. The Thing about Life Is That One Day You’ll Be Dead. Alfred A. Knopf, 2024.

 


Book Review

Full Text

Milan, Theo. Review of Rapa Nui Theatre: Staging Indigenous Identities in Easter Island, by Moira S. Fortin Cornejo. Pacific Arts 23, no. 2 (2023-2024):137-142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48758179.

 


Journal Article

Full Text 

Warr, Mark, and Charles G. Ellison. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” Journal of Germanic Studies 34, no. 5 (2019):124-38. https://doi:10.1086/525612.


Print 

Batson, C. Daniel. “How Social is the Animal? The Human Capacity for Caring.” American Psychologist 54 (November 2020): 124-38.



Magazine Article

Full Text

Smith, John. “Disaster Goes Global.” Time, March 14, 2022, https://www.time.com/time/nation/article/9009800.html.


Print 

Smith, John. “Disaster Goes Global.” Time, March 14, 2022, 65-67.

 


Newspaper Article

Full Text 

Schwartz, Nelson D. “European Leaders Vow to Fight Financial Crisis.” New York Times, October 10, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03.html.


Print 

Schwartz, Nelson D. “European Leaders Vow to Fight Financial Crisis.” New York Times, October 10, 2022, National Edition, Sec. 1.

 

 

Web Page

Microsoft Corporation. “WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String Variable.” Microsoft Help and Support. Updated November 23, 2024. https://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730.